This Masters thesis examines how the Amir of Afghanistan Abdur Rahman Khan (who reigned 1980-1901) legitimized his campaign of extermination on the Hazara people of Afghanistan and as well as an analysis on the reaction from the Hazaras. Afghan King Abdur Rahman Khan set out to bring the Turkistan, Hazarajat and Kafiristan regions under his control. The Junbesh-e Roshanaye Memorial is on top of a hill in the 13. Fisher Gernman LLP conducted a survey that showed a powerline route through Bamyan was best positioned to serve communities in need. It highlighted the growing frustration and discontent among the Hazaras regarding their share of national resources and foreign aid. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E., Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, On July 23, 2016, two suicide bombers targeted a peaceful rally at the Deh Mazang Square of Kabul. My father wrote a letter to former President Hamid Karzai about the poor security in our community, which he had the opportunity to read to the president directly. In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman’s successor, granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor. On November 12, 1893, King Abdur Rahman Khan and Sir Henry Mortimer Durand (British Envoy) agreed on seven points known as Durand Line Agreement to demarcate the line between Afghanistan and British India approximately 2,640 kilometers long (presently much of Baluchistan, large parts of the Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province and the whole of the Federally … [1][4] There is a famous story of 40 Hazara girls in Uruzgan committing suicide to escape sex slavery during the persecution. News-letter No.1, This year marks the 129th anniversary of the Hazara genocide by Abdur Rahman Khan where 62 percent of Hazara men, women, and children were slaughtered. My family founded the very first English and computer learning center, “Payam-e-Sahar,” in Western Kabul. Under directions of Mr. Riaz Mahsud Commissioner Hazara Division and... Dr. Qasim Ali Khan Deputy Commissioner Mansehra, AC-ll Ms Sundus Irshad carried out inspection of Bazar to check for implementation of corona SOPs at datta transport adda at … I know a Pashtun whose family lives in an area where a tower was built by Abdur Rahman Khan with the skulls of the villager’s elders (and they were all Pashtun). In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's successor, granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor. After long years in exile in Central Asia, Rahman came to power in Afghanistan with the … Website created by Wide Eye, Made by The government’s decision to change the route for a major power transmission through areas that already had power indicate the systemic discrimination against the Hazaras. In 1933 King Mohammed Nadir Khan … The Sheikh Ali also resisted, this low level but violent expedition by Abdur Rahman, forced the Hazaras at large to rise against Abdur Rahman, in retaliation for the attacks on the Sheikh Ali Hazaras. In “The Hazaras and the Afghan State,” Ibrahimi analyzes Afghanistan’s state-building as a historical reconstruction that relies on dynamics of selection and exclusion in distribution of state power, which results in ethnic hierarchies of power. However, the division between the Afghan government and the Hazara people was already made too deep under Abdur Rahman and as a result Hazaras continued to face severe social, economic and political discrimination through … My legs were shaking and I could not breathe as I walked through the graves of young Hazara men and women, who were once university students and professors. Diaries.D.No 62, No. The 1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras occurred when the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan … Nahid Paiman is a policy assistant at The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. In April 2009, my friends and I joined a peaceful demonstration against the Shia Family Law, proposed by Mohseni, a national law that legalized rape and banned women from getting an education and work outside their homes. News.D.No.186 F. No.2257, Quetta, 28 April 1893, The rally was organized by a predominantly Hazara-led movement known as “Junbesh-e Roshanaye” or the Enlightenment Movement. The structural discrimination against the Hazaras is not a new phenomenon. News-letter No.11, A safe and secure election will be a promise fulfilled for the allies of democracy such as the Hazaras. Abdur Rahman Khan (Pashto: عبد رحمان خان ‎) (between 1830 to 1844 – October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. In the late 19th century, Abdur Rahman Khan, the Emir of Afghanistan, ruthlessly oppressed the Hazara community. They were basically viewed as inferior. anniversary of mass murder of the Hazaras by Taliban in Mazar-e-Sharif where 10,000 Hazara civilians were brutally murdered. Hazaras have been living in Afghanistan before partition since 1880s. ... Hazara tribes in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat), Uzbek, Tajik and Turkmen tribes, Nuristanis and some others. It was originally established in 1893 between Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat and civil servant of the British Raj, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. My legs were shaking and I could not breathe as I walked through the graves of young Hazara men and women, who were once university students and professors. In the era of democracy, the absence of police and security operations in the capital of Afghanistan with Hazara majority residents was unacceptable. Thousands of men, women, and children were sold as slaves in the markets of Kabul. Thousands of men, women, and children were sold as slaves in the markets of Kabul. I counted each grave and looked at their photos and biographies on display — 86 Hazara lives were taken because they fought for democracy and protested structural racism in the country. In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's successor, granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor.However, the division between the Afghan government and the Hazara people was already made too deep under Abdur Rahman. By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Taki Khan, 6 January 1893. Massacre of Hazaras in Afghanistan (1993 - 2001) ... Habibullah Khan (son of Abdur Rahman Khan) Letter, 1901 ; Religious decrees calling Hazaras infidels and to be killed [ more in Download section] We reached our goal of introducing people to technology and to the international community. By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, Former President Karzai understood this issue and he established an Afghan National Police office in the 13th District of Kabul. Abdur Rahman Khan (Pashto: عبدالرحمن خان‎) (between 1840 and 1844 – October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. My family was thrilled to return to Afghanistan from decades of displacement in Pakistan to rebuild our country because we believed in and lived by the values of democracy. This letter was supposedly a “confession” of the Hazara genocide from 1891-93 and distribution of Hazara lands to Pashtun refugees and the thousands of Hazaras who were sold as slaves. Battles, The third uprising of Hazara was in response to excessive taxation,[7][8] starting in early 1893. Hazara continued to face severe social, economic and political discrimination through most of the 20th century. This Masters thesis examines how the Amir of Afghanistan Abdur Rahman Khan (who reigned 1980-1901) legitimized his campaign of extermination on the Hazara people of Afghanistan and as well as an analysis on the reaction from the Hazaras. We moved to Dasht-e-Barchi, 13th District of Kabul, a community that lacked government-provided security. [9] The provincial forces responded to the revolt with military force; in this response the Hakim of Gizu reported to the governor general of balochistan that General Mir Atta Khan at Gizu committed "great excesses" in Gizu. This was a genocide. Abdur Rahman Khan - Persecution and Genocide of Hazara People Persecution and Genocide of Hazara People Persecution of Hazara people refers to systematic discrimination, ethnic cleansing and genocide of Hazara people, who are primarily from the central highland region of Hazarajat … In the era of democracy, the absence of police and security operations in the capital of Afghanistan with Hazara majority residents was unacceptable. The “Vizier’s Daughter” is a book written by Lillias Hamilton, a court physician to Amir Abdur Rahman Khan in Afghanistan in the 1890s. When Abdur Rahman Khan came from Bohkara (1880) and beat Sher Ali Khan and took the Kabul Kingdom, the Hazara mirs were for Sher Ali, and they therefore made a big rebellion against Abdur Rahman Khan [there were continuously more or … He was a grandson of Dost Mohammad Khan (ruled 1826‒39 and 1845‒63), the founder of the Barakzai dynasty of Afghanistan after the fall of the Durranis and the end of the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1842. Although German Fisher LLP suggested the Bamyan route and the Hazaras expressed support of this route, the government decided against it and did not make any effort to protect its people ahead of the protest. 242. [3] The government’s decision to change the route for a major power transmission through areas that already had power indicate the systemic discrimination against the Hazaras. When Abdur Rahman Khan became the ruler of Afghanistan, he favored the Pashtun people and despised the Hazara people leading to the death of 60% of the Hazara population. [4] Abdur Rahman Khan created misleading propaganda against all Hazaras, oppressing and marginalizing them with an impact that is still rooted in the structure and systems of government. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I., C.B., R.E., Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, Hazaras continued to face severe social, economic and political discrimination through most of the 20th century. During the revolt the Hazaras arrested or killed the governor of Gizu;[9] the governor of Uruzgan tried to plead to the Hazaras that the Amir would listen to their demands. However, in April 2016, the government announced a plan to change the route from Bamyan to the Salang Pass at the Hindu Kush Mountains, which connected Kabul to an existing power distortion line from the Central Asian Republics. My students were all older than me, but we had to start from somewhere. Mohseni was a powerful Shia clergy and founder of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan. News-letter No.21, News-letter. D.No.85 F. No.300 F.C., dated Sibi, 25 February 1893. We cannot let them silence us, and we must stay united and defend human and civil rights of all peoples. A Abdur Rahman Khan created misleading propaganda against all Hazaras, oppressing and marginalizing them with an impact that is still rooted in the structure and systems of government. In the 1890s, Abdur Rahman Khan massacred and displaced more than half of the Hazara population, but so far none of the successive governments have even acknowledged this. To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's successor, granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor.However, the division between the Afghan government and the Hazara people was already made too deep under Abdur Rahman. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, A. Dawlatabadi, Hazaraha az qatl-e aam ta ehyae-e howiat (Hazaras from Massacres to Revival of Identity) (Qom: Ebterkar-e Danish, 2009), [5] Ibrahimi, The Hazaras and the Afghan State, [6] Dawlatabadi, Hazaraha az qatl-e aam ta ehyae-e howiat, [7] Dawlatabadi, Hazaraha az qatl-e aam ta ehyae-e howiat. District of Kabul to remember the lives of Hazara students and professors who protested unjust distribution of national resources and foreign aid in Afghanistan. [11] Abdur Rahman kept various Hazara chiefs as hostages in Kabul; yet eventually sent them back to Uruzgan;[12] after the revolt was crushed they were then sent back to Kabul again. D.No.390 F. No.921. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, News. The Hazara people’s place of origin is Hazarajat, a region in Afghanistan. To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. No.34, My father wrote a letter to former President Hamid Karzai about the poor security in our community, which he had the opportunity to read to the president directly. Their ethnicity is easily identifiable due to their physical features. Now when Hazara Shias began an uprising against Emir Abdur Rahman, he immediately quashed it and began taxing them heavily, along with enslaving them and selling Hazaras to the British Raj. Out of 132,000 families, 10,000 to 15,000 Hazara families fled the country to northern Afghanistan, Mashhad (Iran) and Quetta (Pakistan), and 7,000 to 10,000 Hazaras submitted to Abdur Rahman, and the rest fought until they were defeated. The Hazara people’s place of origin is Hazarajat, a region in Afghanistan. He was a grandson of Dost Mohammad Khan (ruled 1826‒39 and 1845‒63), the founder of the Barakzai dynasty of Afghanistan after the fall of the Durranis and the end of the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1842. The migration of the Hazara community to Baluchistan is 150 years old, the most recent wave was triggered by the Taliban government in Afghanistan after 1996. Hazara farmers were often forced to give up their property to Pashtuns and as a result many Hazara families had to leave seasonally to the major cities in Afghanistan, Iran, or Pakistan in order to find jobs and a source of income. He was the third son of Mohammad Afzal Khan, and grandson of Dost Mohammad Khan. The rally was organized by a predominantly Hazara-led movement known as “Junbesh-e Roshanaye” or the Enlightenment Movement. Hazara continued to face severe social, economic and political discrimination through most of the 20th century. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To this date, Pashtuns comprise the largest ethnic in Afghanistan, while the Hazara is about 20 percent of the population and have faced constant persecution from the Pashtuns. Hazara women and children were sold as slaves to the Pushtuns particapating in the blood bath as a reward. Quetta in Pakistan is home to the third largest settlements of Hazara outside Afghanistan. By Khan Bahadur, Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 27 May 1893. In the late 19th century, the Hazara people launched a series of uprisings against Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, one of the British empire’s pawns, who attempted to bring Hazarajat under his control. We had to carve out a way to connect people to the outside world. ©2021 Copyright ©2019 The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights/The Leadership Conference Education Fund. [13] After months of fighting, the uprising Hazaras were eventually defeated due to a shortage of food; in response to such food shortages Abdur Rahman ordered grain be sent from Herat to Uruzgan. ʻAbd al-Rahman Khan (1844‒1901) ruled Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. [1] It is estimated that more than 60%[20] of the Hazara population were massacred or displaced during Abdur Rahman's campaign against them. News.D.No. These classes were eye-opening and ignited a fire of hope among the new generation, while also sparking fear among religious entities such as Muhamad Asif Mohseni. Emir of Afghanistan; Reign: 31 May 1880 – 1 October 1901: Predecessor: Ayub Khan: Successor: Habibullah Khan: Born: 1840–1844 Kabul, Afghanistan: Died: Once Abdur Rahman quashed the rebellion of Ishaq, he then focused on the Sheikh Ali Hazaras. [5] This year also marks the 27th anniversary of the Hazara massacre in Afshar by the Islamic State of Afghanistan government led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, its allied Ittihad-i Islami, and Shuray-e-Nazar-e Shamal militias who killed more than 2,000 Hazara families. Pashtun nationalism is against the very essence of democracy because it excludes other major ethnicities from high-ranking government positions and critical decision-making processes. By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 21 April 1893. It is deeply rooted in Afghanistan’s history. aNiamatuallah Ibrahimi, The Hazaras and the Afghan State: Rebellion, Exclusion and the Struggle for Recognition (London: C. Hurst & Company, 2016), [2] Ibrahimi, The Hazaras and the Afghan State, [3] Ibrahimi, The Hazaras and the Afghan State, [4] B. London backed newspaper documenting the selling of 10,000 Hazaras as slaves in Cabul. News-letter No.16, He is known for uniting the country after years of internal fighting and negotiation of the Durand Line Agreement with British India. We cannot let the cowards who hide behind their crass and barbaric actions take away our hard-fought right to vote. It is deeply rooted in Afghanistan’s history. The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan ʻAbd al-Rahman Khan (1844‒1901) ruled Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. Fisher Gernman LLP conducted a survey that showed a powerline route through Bamyan was best positioned to serve communities in need. Abdur Rahman Khan; Emir of Afghanistan: Abdur Rahman Khan. In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman’s successor, granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor. By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 26 August 1893. The movement was formed in protest against a government decision to change the route of a major power transmission line, which was previously planned to import electricity from Turkmenistan through the province of Bamyan to Kabul and other provinces in the south and east of the country. During the protest, Mohseni’s students and supporters accosted and threatened our lives, calling us “Kafir,” a term for infidel. The revolt was short-lived and annihilated; Abdur had taken advantage of the fact that the Sheikh Ali Hazaras had allies in different groups, pitting the Sunni and Shia Hazaras against each other. By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 17 March 1893. 177 F.C., dated Sibi, 6 February 1893. Hazara took most of their land back as this came as a surprise. Later, during the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901), the boundaries of present-day Afghanistan were demarcated by the British and Russian empires to create a buffer zone with a minimal involvement of the Afghan rulers. [1], The movement was formed in protest against a government decision to change the route of a major power transmission line, which was previously planned to import electricity from Turkmenistan through the province of Bamyan to Kabul and other provinces in the south and east of the country. To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. Almost all migrated due to persecution by Abdur Rahman Khan and a good part in 1990's due to ethnic cleansing by the Afghan Taliban. However, the British on account of their superior position, secretary for foreign affairs of the British India, Henry Durand, arrived in Kabul to talk to Abdur Rahman Khan. Governments even went a step further, trying to erase this human tragedy from history. "[4] In 1894 802 Hazara leaders who survived the rebellion were killed or exiled after being captured. The structural discrimination against the Hazaras is not a new phenomenon. Quetta’s geography made it the safest & nearest place for the Hazara population that was persecuted in Afghanistan from the time of King Abdur Rahman Khan. [6] Additionally, this year marks the 22nd anniversary of mass murder of the Hazaras by Taliban in Mazar-e-Sharif where 10,000 Hazara civilians were brutally murdered.[7]. Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, as part of his state-building strategy, waged a particularly brutal war against the Hazaras in 1891, which is commonly known as the Hazara War (1891-1893). [1] 68% of the Beshud Hazara tribe was killed or displaced by the Amir's crackdown. Marginalized communities around the world can learn from each other’s experiences and together fight for justice and democracy. Encyclopædia Iranica claims: "It is difficult to verify such an estimate, but the memory of the conquest of the Hazārajāt by ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Khan certainly remains vivid among the Hazāras themselves, and has heavily influenced their relations with the Afghan state throughout the 20th century. He is known for uniting the country after years of internal fighting and negotiation of the Durand Line Agreement with British India.. Abdur Rahman Khan was the first child and only son of Mohammad Afzal Khan, and grandson of Dost Mohammad Khan. Abdur Rahman khan, known as the iron Amir is considered the founding father of the modern Afghanistan. My family was thrilled to return to Afghanistan from decades of displacement in Pakistan to rebuild our country because we believed in and lived by the values of democracy. In April 2018, I visited my family in Kabul and I asked family members to visit the Junbesh-e Roshanaye memorial. To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. Post-911, the United States’ presence in Afghanistan came with the idea of democracy, freedom of speech, and human and civil rights. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, The Junbesh-e Roshanaye Memorial is on top of a hill in the 13th District of Kabul to remember the lives of Hazara students and professors who protested unjust distribution of national resources and foreign aid in Afghanistan. Although German Fisher LLP suggested the Bamyan route and the Hazaras expressed support of this route, the government decided against it and did not make any effort to protect its people ahead of the protest. All rights reserved. News. This movement reminds me of the Enlightenment Movement in Afghanistan and the Indigenous movements in the Americas. We must ensure democracy by securing every vote at home first in order to advocate for the values of fairness and equity elsewhere. F.C., dated Ziarat, 11 September 1893. 19 May 1893. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2, "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Afghanistan : Hazaras", "THE GENOCIDE OF THE HAZARAS Descendants of Genghis Khan Fight for Survival in Afghanistan and Pakistan", "How much does the human head actually way? However, the division between the Afghan government and the Hazara people was already made too deep under Abdur Rahman. In the late 19th century, Abdur Rahman Khan, the Emir of Afghanistan, ruthlessly oppressed the Hazara community. Habibullah Khan, son of Abdur Rahman, addressed a letter in November 20th, 1904 to the Hazaras, requesting them to return back to their lands in Hazaristan. [14] Small pockets of resistance continued to the end of the year as government troops committed atrocities against civilians and deported entire villages. Quetta’s geography made it the safest & nearest place for the Hazara population that was persecuted in Afghanistan from the time of King Abdur Rahman Khan. News-Letter No 3. On July 23, 2016, two suicide bombers targeted a peaceful rally at the Deh Mazang Square of Kabul. Sixty percent of the total Hazara population was kil… However, the division between the Afghan government and the Hazara people was already made too deep under Abdur Rahman and as a result Hazaras continued to face severe social, economic and political discrimination through … News-letter No.6., In the late 19th century, the Hazara people launched a series of uprisings against Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, one of the British empire’s pawns, who attempted to bring Hazarajat under his control. In the late 19th century, the Hazara people launched a series of uprisings against Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, one of the British empire’s pawns, who attempted to bring Hazarajat under his control. News.D.No.29 F. No.26 F.C.,dated Camp Jacobabad, 14 January 1893. Because of our demonstration and the pressure from the international community, the sections of the Shia Family Law on legalizing rape and prohibiting women from going to school or work were removed. Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual nation, but only the Pashtun ethnicity has ruled the country throughout kingdoms and presidencies. Abdur Rahman Khan (Pashto: عبد رحمان خان‎) (between 1830 and 1844 – October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. [21] Most of these Hazaras immigrated to neighbouring Balochistan, where they were provided permanent settlement by the government of British India. While working with the justice reform and fighting hate and bias teams at The Leadership Conference, I have learned a great deal about the importance of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in the United States. I started teaching English classes at Payam-e-Sahar when I was 13 years old, and it marked the beginning of my work to rebuild my homeland. Also, historically, organized violence has been used as a strategy for political power and the Hazaras have fallen victim to this for over a decade. News.D.No.128 F. No.1537, dated Quetta, 24 March 1893. News.D.No.243 F. No.2903, dated Quetta, 5 June 1893. The third uprising begins in 1893. [1], Others claim that Hazaras began leaving their hometown of Hazarajat due to poverty and in search of employment mostly in the 20th century. For more than a century, the Hazaras have experienced ethnic cleansing, slavery, land grabbing, unwarranted taxes, looting, and pillaging of homes, which have systematically excluded them from the government, economic opportunities, and social dynamics. Throughout kingdoms and presidencies in Kabul and I asked family members to the... Police office in the capital of Afghanistan ʻAbd al-Rahman Khan ( 1844‒1901 ) ruled Afghanistan from 1880 to.! Took the government of British India former President Karzai understood this issue and he established an Afghan national office..., where they were halted from their uprising because they had a shortage of food 5 June.. National resources and foreign aid in Afghanistan around Mashad, in the disposal of business he the. 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