11191125, 2000. G. Palmieri, P. Giardina, C. Bianco, and G. Sannia, A novel white laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, pp. 4, pp. Protein and gene structure of a blue laccase from. 9, pp. 1, pp. Two Manganese Peroxidases and a Laccase of Trametes polyzona KU-RNW027 with Novel Properties for Dye and Pharmaceutical Product Degradation in Redox Mediator-Free System [2019] In this single chamber, membraneless cell design was utilized and laccase biocatalyst was left to be freely suspended (i.e., not immobilized) in quasineutral potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) electrolyte. 25, pp. Oxidation of nonphenolic substrates, such as ABTS, does not involve proton exchange, and therefore nearly monotonic pH activity profiles with highest activities at pH values of 2.3 are obtained [174]. 110117, 1999. 2-3, pp. There is evidence that these detergents result in higher permeability of oxygen and extracellular enzyme transport through the cell membranes of fungi [159]. Calvo AM, Copa-Patio JL, Alonso O, Gonzlez AE. (2-3 h). Battistuzzi G, Di Rocco G, Leonardi A, Sola M. 1H NMR of native and azide-inhibited laccase from, Johnson DL, Thompson JL, Brinkmann SM, Schuller KA, Martin LL. Levin L, Forchiassin F, Ramos AM. There have been many studies regarding the effects of inducers using a plethora of fungal genera, species, and even strains. laccase undergoes pH-dependent dimerisation, with the dimer (150 kDa, as assessed by SEC) predominating in a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0. Ye M, Li G, Liang WQ, Liu YH. Singh G, Sharma P, Capalash N. Performance of an alkalophilic and halotolerant laccase from. D. S. Yaver, F. Xu, E. J. Golightly et al., Purification, characterization, molecular cloning, and expression of two laccase genes from the white rot basidiomycete Trametes villosa, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. B. Chefetz, Y. Chen, and Y. Hadar, Purification and characterization of laccase from Chaetomium thermophilium and its role in humification, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. A. S. Sinegani, G. Emtiazia, and Hajrasuliha, Production of laccase by Aspergillus terreus and some basidiomycetes in contaminated media with aromatic compounds, Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, vol. Treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol polluted soil with free and immobilized laccase. Very significant variance has also been observed in the catalytic efficiencies () of various laccases. A. Saraiva, A. P. M. Tavares, and A. M. R. B. Xavier, Effect of the inducers veratryl alcohol, xylidine, and ligninosulphonates on activity and thermal stability and inactivation kinetics of laccase from Trametes versicolor, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. Degradation and transformation of anthracene by white-rot fungus. 161168, 2002. Partial decolorization of two azo dyes and complete decolorization of two triphenylmethane dyes (bromophenol blue and malachite green) was achieved by cultures of Pycnoporus sanguineus producing laccase as the sole phenoloxidase [120, 229]. Carbon is a part of all living organisms. 21, pp. The laccase from Coriolopsis gallica has been implicated in the decolourisation of alkaline effluents such as the effluent from the pulp and paper industry [240]. Decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes with a laccase from. Koschorreck K, Richter SM, Ene AB, Roduner E, Schmid RD, Urlacher VB. S. Rodrguez Couto and J. L. Toca Herrera, Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review, Biotechnology Advances, vol. The oxidation is the effect of a two-step process in which the enzyme first catalysed the oxidation of primary substrate, a mediator added to the reaction, and then the oxidized mediator oxidizes the secondary substrate, the alkene, to the corresponding ketone or aldehyde. Garzillo AMV, Colao MC, Caruso C, Caporale C, Celletti D, Buonocore V. Laccase from the white-rot fungus. The importance of adequate copper concentration for proper laccase folding was further corroborated by studies in which two genes related to copper-trafficking in Trametes versicolor were overexpressed in S. cerevisiae expressing T. versicolor lacIII gene; the heterologous laccase production by S. cerevisiae was improved up to 20-fold [196]. A. Levasseur, M. Saloheimo, D. Navarro et al., Exploring laccase-like multicopper oxidase genes from the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei: a functional, phylogenetic and evolutionary study, BMC Biochemistry, vol. Mander GJ, Wang H, Bodie E, et al. 2-3, pp. 11, pp. 877884, 1988. 7, pp. Most lignolytic fungal species produce constitutively at least one laccase isoenzyme and laccases are also dominant among lignolytic enzymes in the soil environment. 6, no. Discovered in 1883, laccase is one of the first enzymes ever described. Archibald FS, Bourbonnais R, Jurasek L, Paice MG, Reid ID. Optimization of the production medium plays a major role in higher laccase production. The environmental transition that impacts its physical, chemical, and biological features is referred to as pollution. 4, pp. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pointing, Feasibility of bioremediation by white-rot fungi, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. Ligninolytic systems of white-rot fungi were mainly activated during the secondary metabolic phase and were often triggered by nitrogen concentration [86] or when carbon or sulfur became limited [83]. McKay G. Waste color removal from textile effluents. Z. T. Xing, J. H. Cheng, Q. Tan, and Y. J. Pan, Effect of nutritional parameters on laccase production by the culinary and medicinal mushroom, Grifola frondosa, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. The promoter regions of the genes encoding for laccase contain various recognition sites that are specific for xenobiotics and heavy metals [145]. The pH of the culture medium is critical and plays a significant role in the growth and laccase production of the organism. 89, no. Pat Int Appl WO 0037, 030. It has been reported that one of the possible functions for fungal laccase is the polymerization of toxic aromatic compounds formed during the degradation of lignin [8]. Screening of laccase producing fungal species and their variants is important for selecting suitable laccase producing organisms. There is not much information available on the influence of pH on laccase production, but when fungi are grown in a medium with pH 5.0 laccase will be produced in excess [8]. Biochemical characterization, molecular cloning and expression of laccasesa divergent gene familyin poplar. K. Brijwani, A. Rigdon, and V. Praveen vadlani, Fungal laccases: production, function, and applications in food processing, Enzyme Research, vol. These contradictory observations were ascribed to differences between the strains of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Lentinus edodes [86]. The most readily usable carbon source by white-rot fungi is glucose [101]. Therefore, the development of processes based on laccases seems an attractive solution due to their potential in degrading dyes of diverse chemical structure [223] including synthetic dyes currently employed in the industry [224]. Dong et al. 215220, 1996. 1924, 2004. Eom, and W. Shin, Purification and characterization of a laccase from Cerrena unicolor and its reactivity in lignin degradation, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, vol. This approach led to an increase in laccase yield to 820U/L from 485U/L. 33, no. Laccases producing bacteria from different environmental sources with their possible physiological functions of laccase are given below. 6369, 2003. 16011606, 1998. With industrialization and the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture, the pollution of the environment with mandate organic compounds has become a serious problem. Zinc-laccase biofuel cell. Xylidine is the most widely reported inducer of laccase production and enhanced laccase specific production by 4-fold in Coriolopsis polyzona [163]. The maximum titres of extracellular laccase in cultures of Lentinula edodes and Grifola frondosa were grown in liquid medium with 10g/L glucose [104, 105]. 79, no. [148] found that there was a strong correlation between hyphal branching and the expression and secretion of laccase. RCK-1: production optimization by response surface methodology, Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. A. Piscitelli, P. Giardina, V. Lettera, C. Pezzella, G. Sannia, and V. Faraco, Induction and transcriptional regulation of laccases in fungi, Current Genomics, vol. Moreover, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which arise from natural oil deposits and utilization of fossil fuels, were also found to be degraded by laccases [211]. S. B. Breakdown of carbon sources liberates energy, which is utilized by the organism for growth and development. 1, pp. Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India. At higher concentrations the xylidine had a reduced effect probably due to toxicity. will also be available for a limited time. Laccases have subsequently been discovered from other numerous plants [17] but the detection and purification of plant laccases are often difficult because crude plant extracts contain a large number of oxidative enzymes with broad substrate specificities [17], which is probably the reason why detailed information about the biochemical properties of plant laccase is limited. Bajpai P. Application of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry. Alternatively, laccase, along with stabilizers, may be suitable for treatment of wastewater [227, 228]. Pulp bleaching using laccase from. Refined media are necessary for obtaining large amount of laccases that may be used in biochemical analysis and industrial application. 63, no. The addition of cellobiose can induce profuse branching in certain Pycnoporus species and consequently increase laccase activity [148]. 103, no. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 11, pp. 321, 2011. Xylidine is known to increase laccase transcription in Trametes villosa [120] and in Trametes versicolor [121, 130]. Hou H, Zhou J, Wang J, Du C, Yan B. Enhancement of laccase production by, Rodrguez Couto S, Sanromn M, Gbitz GM. Z. Liu, D. Zhang, Z. Hua, J. Li, G. Du, and J. Chen, A newly isolated Paecilomyces sp. To find out the detailed discussions on bioremediation, review articles of Osma et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 834841, 1996. 1, pp. Bermek H, Li K, Eriksson K-EL. (MnP) and laccase. S. Larsson, P. Cassland, and L. J. Jnsson, Development of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with enhanced resistance to phenolic fermentation inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates by heterologous expression of laccase, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. S. Diwaniyan, K. K. Sharma, and R. C. Kuhad, Laccase from an alkali-tolerant basidiomycetes Crinipellis sp. P. J. Collins and A. D. W. Dobson, Regulation of laccase gene transcription in Trametes versicolor, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. Garzillo AM, Colao MC, Buonocore V, et al. They result from incomplete biodegradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), which have been widely used as nonionic surfactants in industrial processes. Veratryl (3, 4-dimethoxybenzyl) alcohol is an aromatic compound known to play an important role in the synthesis and degradation of lignin. An official website of the United States government. 3, pp. Martnez AT, Ruiz-Dueas FJ, Camarero S, Serrano A, Linde D, Lund H, Vind J, Tovborg M, Herold-Majumdar OM, Hofrichter M, Liers C, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Sannia G, Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Sener ME, Kl S, van Berkel WJH, Guallar V, Lucas MF, Zuhse R, Ludwig R, Hollmann F, Fernndez-Fueyo E, Record E, Faulds CB, Tortajada M, Winckelmann I, Rasmussen JA, Gelo-Pujic M, Gutirrez A, Del Ro JC, Rencoret J, Alcalde M. Biotechnol Adv. 9, pp. 88548858, 1986. Laccase-based biosensor for determination of polyphenols: determination of catechols in tea. A. Leonowicz and J. Trojanowski, Induction of laccase by ferulic acid in Basidiomycetes, Acta Biochimica Polonica, vol. 254, no. A study of a series of recombinant fungal laccases and bilirubin oxidase that exhibit significant differences in redox potential, substrate specificity and stability. Le Petit, Effects of copper and aromatic inducers on the laccases of the white-rot fungus Marasmius quercophilus, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, vol. Refined media are necessary for obtaining large amount of laccases that may be used in biochemical analysis and industrial application. 12, pp. The addition of veratryl alcohol to cultivation media of many white-rot fungi has resulted in an increase in laccase production [125]. Laccase (E.C. Maximum titres of laccase and biomass were observed in the medium adjusted to pH 6.0 by Fomes sclerodermeus, white-rot basidiomycetes. In this single chamber, membraneless cell design was utilized and laccase biocatalyst was left to be freely suspended (i.e., not immobilized) in quasineutral potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) electrolyte. The bioremediation process of industrial waste can be made more efficient by using ligninolytic enzymes laccase which is obtained from fungus, bacteria, higher plant, insect and also in lichen etc . 131139, 2001. 137, no. The physiological functions of these biocatalysts, which can be secreted or intracellular, are different in the various organisms but they all catalyse polymerization or depolymerization processes [15]. 34443450, 1997. Molecular cloning of a laccase isozyme gene from. 217227, 1996. Production, purification and properties of extracellular laccase of, Marbach I, Harel E, Mayer AM. An official website of the United States government. 12, pp. A. Sanchez-Amat, P. Lucas-Elo, E. Fernndez, J. C. Garca-Borrn, and F. Solano, Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a unique multipotent polyphenol oxidase from Marinomonas mediterranea, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 191201, 2001. Effective induction of laccase from Pleurotus florida with anionic and cationic surfactants has been demonstrated [160]. 409414, 2000. Use of laccase in pulp and paper industry. 40034014, 2002. 500513, 2006. eCollection 2018 Jun 8. Concern arises as several dyes are made from known carcinogens such as benzidine and other aromatic compounds [222]. 464, no. This review summarizes the available data about the biological properties of fungal laccases, their occurrence, and biotechnological applications. B. licheniformis is a novel melanogenic soil bacterium isolated from soil, which protects strain from UV light and the oxidants [33]. 4, pp. 129179, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2001. 30, no. 2011 ), bioremediation of toxic chemical wastes (Mayer and Staples 2002 ), and pretreatment of biomass for the production of biofuel (Placido and Capareda 2015 ). Oxidation of nonphenolic substrates, such as ABTS, does not involve proton exchange, and therefore nearly monotonic pH activity profiles with highest activities at pH values of 2.3 are obtained [174]. S. B. has been shown to improve heterologous laccase production in S. cerevisiae [193, 194]. 1, pp. 7, pp. Studies on mediators of manganese peroxidase for bleaching of wood pulps. 8, pp. G. Sannia, P. Giardina, and M. Luna, Laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus, Biotechnology Letters, vol. O. P. Heemken, H. Reincke, B. Stachel, and N. Theobald, The occurrence of xenoestrogens in the Elbe river and the North Sea, Chemosphere, vol. 1, pp. 383387, 2005. Yoshida first described laccase in 1883 when he extracted it from the exudates of the Japanese lacquer tree, Rhus vernicifera [8]. Some of these enzymes have already been harnessed in pulp and paper processing and in the synthesis of fine chemicals [6]. Laccases are similar to other phenol-oxidising enzymes, which preferably polymerise lignin by coupling of the phenoxy radicals produced from oxidation of lignin phenolic groups [202]. Pleurotus pulmonarius produced three laccase isozymes among which the lcc1 and lcc2 isoforms were produced in noninduced cultures, while lcc3 was found only in induced-culture filtrates [73]. These problems are being overcome by using more advanced organisms as expression vectors whose codon usage and molecular folding apparatus are suitable for correct expression of these proteins. Current knowledge about the structure and biochemical properties of fungal laccase proteins is based on the study of purified proteins. Methods: The expression of laccase was regulated by a phenol-responsive promoter (a 54 promoter). One of the major environmental problems, faced by the world today, is the contamination of soil, water, and air by toxic chemicals. 4, pp. M. Fenice, G. Giovannozzi Sermanni, F. Federici, and A. 1926, 1994. The constants in Table 1 have been measured under varying pH, ionic strength, and temperature conditions and by using different protein concentrations, all of which have a great effect on the results. 67, no. [108] screened different carbon sources for maximum laccase production by Botryosphaeria sp. Laccase was best produced at the concentration of 100mg NH4Cl and 50mg malt extract with gross yield of 0.725U/mL. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that phenols and aromatic amines may be removed from water by the application of laccase [213]. Saratale et al. The pH activity profiles of laccases are often bell-shaped, with optima around 4.6, when measured with phenolic substrates [50]. Dong et al. A. M. Farnet, S. Criquet, S. Tagger, G. Gil, and J. [46] screened novel laccase producing fungi by a plate method based on polymeric dye compounds, guaiacol and tannic acid. L. Gianfreda, F. Xu, and J.-M. Bollag, Laccases: a useful group of oxidoreductive enzymes, Bioremediation Journal, vol. The pH activity profiles of laccases are often bell-shaped, with optima around 4.6, when measured with phenolic substrates [50]. The type I copper (T1) is responsible for the intense blue colour of the enzymes at 600nm and is EPR-detectable, the type II copper (T2) is colourless but is EPR-detectable, and the type III copper (T3) consists of a pair of copper atoms that give a weak absorbance near the UV spectrum but no EPR signal [199]. There are numerous reviews on laccases; however, a lot of information is still unknown due to their broad range of functions and applications. The constitutive, or noninducible, group does not react readily to dissolved compounds that exhibit properties similar to their substrates, and no inducer producing significant improvements in their yield has as yet been isolated. Several techniques have been developed for the immobilization of biomolecule such as micropatterning, self-assembled monolayer, and layer-by-layer techniques, which immobilize laccase and preserve their enzymatic activity. Due to their chemical structure dyes are resistant to fading on exposure to light, water, and different chemicals and most of them are difficult to decolourise due to their synthetic origin. 3, pp. Ahsan Z, Kalsoom U, Bhatti HN, Aftab K, Khalid N, Bilal M. J Basic Microbiol. R. Periasamy and T. Palvannan, Optimization of laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus IMI 395545 using the Taguchi DOE methodology, Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. R. Bourbonnais, M. G. Paice, I. D. Reid, P. Lanthier, and M. Yaguchi, Lignin oxidation by laccase isozymes from Trametes versicolor and role of the mediator 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) in kraft lignin depolymerization, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. Raghukumar C. Fungi from marine habitats: an application in bioremediation. 5, pp. 31, pp. Desai SS, Nityanand C. Microbial laccases and their applications: a review. 6, pp. U. Kes and M. Rhl, Multiple multi-copper oxidase gene families in basidiomyceteswhat for? Current Genomics, vol. M. Saloheimo, M.-L. Niku-Paavola, and J. K. C. Knowles, Isolation and structural analysis of the laccase gene from the lignin-degrading fungus Phlebia radiata, Journal of General Microbiology, vol. 6974, 2002. Laccase has been used in the synthesis of bio-fuel cells due to its ability to oxidize phenols, and reduction of oxygen to water by four electron transfer at high redox potential (Zheng et al. 12, pp. Laccase purified from the fungus Trametes hirsuta was able to degrade triarylmethane, indigoid, azo, and athraquinonic dyes used in dyeing textiles [233] as well as 23 industrial dyes [234]. 2018 Jun 8;8(38):21184-21190. doi: 10.1039/c8ra03229g. 190198, 2005. 128, no. Lu et al. B191B194, Helsinki, Finland, June 1998. Liu Z, Zhang D, Hua Z, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Laccases from fungi offer several advantages of great interest to biotechnological applications of industrial effluent treatment. Biotechnol Prog. 2, pp. L. Levin, F. Forchiassin, and A. M. Ramos, Copper induction of lignin-modifying enzymes in the white-rot fungus Trametes trogii, Mycologia, vol. One single round of KnowVolution yields the engineered fungal laccase from Melanocarpus albomyces (MaL) with a threefold improved kcat at pH 9.8. . Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry; June 2001; Helsinki, Finland. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Laccase genes that have been shown to encode a biochemically characterized laccase protein [252]. J. In Ganoderma lucidum, glucose at 20g/L increased the mycelial growth but at 10g/L favoured expression of enzyme [103]. 16, pp. 3742, 2009. They concluded that twelve culture media, in addition to static and shaking conditions, show great influence on amount and pattern of laccase isoenzymes from Trametes gallica. 1.10.3.2) is one of the well-studied enzymes used for bioremediation of xenobiotics such as phenols, anilines, etc. Physiological demands vary among white-rot fungi and considerable research has been done on the influence of agitation, pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen sources, and microelements and their levels. Nonylphenols are more resistant to biodegradation than their parent compound and hence are found worldwide in wastewater treatment plant effluents and rivers [237]. In this work, molecular docking was employed to study this issue. 1925, 2008. 33, no. 67, no. ABTS: 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate). Enzymatic treatment of mechanical pulp fibers for improving papermaking properties. A. Chernykh, N. Myasoedova, M. Kolomytseva et al., Laccase isoforms with unusual properties from the basidiomycete Steccherinum ochraceum strain 1833, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. Because of their specific nature, laccases are receiving much attention from researchers around the globe. 36, no. 4, pp. Search and screening of uncovered fungal organisms are needed along with the known and reference culture to select the potential culture with production of laccase in larger amounts. Ahn, J. Dec, J.-E. Kim, and J.-M. Bollag, Treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol polluted soil with free and immobilized laccase, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 349354, 1981. These constants have been measured for a large number of laccases, and rather great variance can be observed among them (Table 1). A dark precipitate was observed in xylidine-induced cultures of T. versicolor and has been suggested that it may represent a laccase polymerized form of aromatic compounds [122]. Most reports indicated initial pH levels set between pH 4 and 6 prior to inoculation, but the levels were not controlled during most cultivations [87, 92].
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