[2], Waste disposal is handled by each ward under direction of the metropolitan government. [1] The Special wards of Tokyo (, Tky tokubetsu-ku) occupy the land that was Tokyo City in its 1936 borders before it was abolished under the Tj Cabinet in 1943 to become directly ruled by the prefectural government, then renamed to "Metropolitan". Although the autonomy law today allows for special wards to be established in other prefectures, to date, they only exist in the Tokyo Metropolis which consists of 23 special wards and 39 other, ordinary municipalities (cities, towns, and villages). They are a group of 23 municipalities; there is no associated single government body separate from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which governs all 62 municipalities of Tokyo, not only the special wards. To finance the joint public services it provides to the 23 wards, the metropolitan government levies some of the taxes that would normally be levied by city governments, and also makes transfer payments to wards that cannot finance their own local administration. The 23 wards cover the central area of Tokyo and use the kanji: The three wards of Chiyoda, Chuo and Minato are the business center of the city, with more than seven times the amount of people during the day than are there overnight. Here is a simple guide to those wards. [citation needed], The Mori Memorial Foundation put forth a proposal in 1999 to consolidate the 23 wards into six larger cities for efficiency purposes, and an agreement was reached between the metropolitan and special ward governments in 2006 to consider realignment of the wards, but there has been minimal further movement to change the current special ward system.[3]. Although special wards are autonomous from the Tokyo metropolitan government, they also function as a single urban entity in respect to certain public services, including water supply, sewage disposal, and fire services. Special wards (, tokubetsu-ku) are a special form of municipalities in Japan under the 1955 Local Autonomy Law. Its population was 8,949,447 as of October 1, 2010,[5] about two-thirds of the population of Tokyo and a quarter of the population of the Greater Tokyo Area. [3], Unlike other municipalities (including the municipalities of western Tokyo), special wards were initially not considered to be local public entities for purposes of the Constitution of Japan. [citation needed], On March 15, 1943, as part of wartime totalitarian tightening of controls, Tokyo's local autonomy (elected council and mayor) under the Imperial municipal code was eliminated by the Tj cabinet and the Tokyo city government and (Home ministry appointed) prefectural government merged into a single (appointed) prefectural government;[4] the wards were placed under the direct control of the prefecture. [citation needed], In 1998, the National Diet passed a revision of the Local Autonomy Law (effective in the year 2000) that implemented the conclusions of the Final Report on the Tokyo Ward System Reform increasing their fiscal autonomy and established the wards as basic local public entities. The denial of elected mayors to the special wards was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the 1963 decision Japan v. Kobayashi et al. Minority, mostly leftist calls for a restoration of Tokyo City (, Tky-shi fukkatsu) were not answered. This situation is identical between the Federal District and its 33 administrative regions in Brazil. [citation needed]. (also known as Tokyo Ward Autonomy Case). Today, all wards refer to themselves as a city in English, but the Japanese designation of special ward (tokubetsu-ku) remains unchanged. Under a new 2012 law, sometimes informally called "Osaka Metropolis plan law", but not specifically referring to Osaka major cities and their surrounding municipalities in prefectures other than Tokyo may be replaced with special wards with similar functions if approved by the involved municipal and prefectural governments and ultimately the citizens of the dissolving municipalities in a referendum. They are city-level wards: primary subdivisions of a prefecture with municipal autonomy largely comparable to other forms of municipalities. The wards vary greatly in area (from 10 to 60km2) and population (from less than 40,000 to 830,000), and some are expanding as artificial islands are built. These original wards numbered 15 in 1889. Large areas from five surrounding districts were merged into the city in 1932 and organized in 20 new wards, bringing the total to 35; the expanded city was also referred to as "Greater Tokyo" (, Dai-Tky). For example, plastics were generally handled as non-burnable waste until the metropolitan government announced a plan to halt burying of plastic waste by 2010; as a result, about half of the special wards now treat plastics as burnable waste, while the other half mandate recycling of either all or some plastics. [citation needed]. In 2000, the National Diet designated the special wards as local public entities (, chih kky dantai), giving them a legal status similar to cities. [citation needed], The 35 wards of the former city were integrated into 22 on March 15, 1947 just before the legal definition of special wards was given by the Local Autonomy Law, enforced on May 3 the same year. Seiichir Yasui, a former Home Ministry bureaucrat and appointed governor, won the first Tokyo gubernatorial election against Daikichir Tagawa, a former Christian Socialist member of the Imperial Diet, former vice mayor of Tokyo city and advocate of Tokyo city's local autonomy. Setagaya has the most people, while neighboring ta has the largest area. Although the autonomy law today allows for special wards to . Today, each special ward has its own elected mayor (, kuch) and assembly (, kugikai). Prerequisite is a population of at least 2 million in the dissolving municipalities; three cities (Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka) meet this requirement on their own, seven other major city areas can set up special wards if a designated city is joined by neighboring municipalities. Special wards do not currently exist outside Tokyo; however, several Osaka area politicians, led by Governor Tru Hashimoto, are backing an Osaka Metropolis plan under which the city of Osaka would be replaced by special wards, consolidating many government functions at the prefectural level and devolving other functions to more localized governments. Many important districts are located in Tokyo's special wards: Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Toponymic guidelines for Map Editors and other Editors, JAPAN (Third Edition 2007) in English, 5. Administrative divisions, " JR30NIKKEI STYLE", "Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s", Tokyo Metropolitan Government explanation of special wards, Association of special ward assembly presidents (, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_wards_of_Tokyo&oldid=1105763726, Municipal government (city/ward/town/village hall), Municipal (city/ward/town/village) assembly, This page was last edited on 21 August 2022, at 17:47. The 23rd ward, Nerima, was formed on August 1, 1947 when Itabashi was split again. While these authorities were granted by statute during the US-led occupation and again from 1975, they could be unilaterally revoked by the National Diet; similar measures against other municipalities would require a constitutional amendment. The closest English equivalents for the special wards would be the London boroughs or New York City boroughs if Greater London and New York City had been abolished in the same way as Tokyo City and they were immediate part of England or New York state, and this can help to understand their structures and functions. In everyday English, Tokyo as a whole is also referred to as a city even though it contains 62 cities, towns, villages and special wards. These services are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government, whereas cities would normally provide these services themselves. The total population census of the 23 special wards had fallen under 8 million as the postwar economic boom moved people out to suburbs, and then rose as Japan's lengthy stagnation took its toll and property values drastically changed, making residential inner areas up to 10 times less costly than during peak values. As of December 2012, the population passed 9 million; the 23 wards have a population density of 14,485 per square kilometre (37,501 per square mile). In Japanese, they are collectively also known as "Wards area of Tokyo Metropolis" (, Tky-to kubu), "former Tokyo City" (, ky-Tky-shi), or less formally the 23 wards (23, nijsan-ku) or just Tokyo (, Tky) if the context makes obvious that this does not refer to the whole prefecture. A city that never stops, Japan's capital Tokyo is one of the world's great metropolitan destinations. Special wards (, tokubetsu-ku) are a special form of municipalities in Japan under the 1947 Local Autonomy Law. Analogues exist in historic and contemporary Chinese and Korean administration: "Special wards" are city-independent wards, analogously, "special cities/special cities" (teukbyeol-si/tokubetsu-shi) are province-/prefecture-independent cities and were intended to be introduced under SCAP in Japan, too; but in Japan, implementation was stalled, and in 1956 special cities were replaced in the Local Autonomy Law with designated major cities which gain additional autonomy, but remain part of prefectures. During the Occupation of Japan, municipal autonomy was restored to former Tokyo City by the establishment of special wards, each with directly elected mayor and assembly, as in any other city, town or village in Tokyo and the rest of the country. [citation needed], The word "special" distinguishes them from the wards (, ku) of other major Japanese cities. The postwar reorganization under the US-led occupation authorities democratized the prefectural administrations but did not include the reinstitution of Tokyo City. Home to a millennia of history, culture and tradition, the Tokyo of today consists of scores of cities, towns and villages but is most recognisable through its 23 central city wards. Special wards of Tokyo. This means that they had no constitutional right to pass their own legislation, or to hold direct elections for mayors and councilors. [6] However, prefectures (, -d/-fu/-ken) where special wards are set up cannot style themselves metropolis (, -to) as the Local Autonomy Law only allows Tokyo with that status. Since the 1970s, the special wards of Tokyo have exercised a considerably higher degree of autonomy than the administrative wards of cities (that unlike Tokyo City retained their elected mayors and assemblies) but still less than other municipalities in Tokyo or the rest of the country, making them less independent than cities, towns or villages, but more independent than city subdivisions. [citation needed] The question of whether special wards actually are municipalities with full local autonomy rights at all remained a political and legal issue for decades. Before 1943, the wards of Tokyo City were no different from the wards of Osaka or Kyoto. By this merger, together with smaller ones in 1920 and 1936, Tokyo City came to expand to the current city area. [7] In Osaka, a 2015 referendum to replace the city with five special wards was defeated narrowly. They are city-level wards: primary subdivisions of a prefecture with municipal autonomy largely comparable to other forms of municipalities. Chiyoda in particular is known as the political capital of Tokyo as it is home to the Japanese Emperor as .
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