word. The "law" was discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel in 1806 and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1818. Ask Question Asked 6 years, 8 months ago. example- Stigh(Sanskrit) > Stigh(Old English). Grimm's law consists of three parts which form consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift. It was a time of great historical consequence: under the growing capitalist system the country became economically and politically unified. Words from old English or modern English or Gothic may be taken to represent the Teutonic sounds. Indo-European . Note that within Proto-Germanic, the sounds denoted by b, d, g and gw were stops in some environments and fricatives in others, so b b should be understood here as b b/, and likewise for the others. Germanic, an important branch of Verner's Law (con't)<br />>> had the accent on the syllable immediately preceding *p, as in the examples below:<br />IE *ptr > Gothic fadar "father"<br />IE *npt > ON nefi "nefi"<br />On the other hand, those *p's that eventually became German b where those that had NOT stood in initial position and that had not had the . . See pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, definitions of Verner's law in Kannada . The voiceless fricatives are customarily spelled f, , h and hw in the context of Germanic. In 1818, Rasmus Rask extended the correspondences to other Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit and Greek, and to the full range of consonants involved. Grimm's law is a set of rules dictating how a handful of Germanic letters differ from their Indo-European cognates. Centum and English hundred, there is correspondence between k and h, ( ) 1822 , , Deutsche Grammatik. (f. , in positions other than the Define Grimm's law. The only inflections retained were to mark plurals of nouns and possessive singular and past verbal forms. See more. Again Indo-European g changing into Teutonic k. Verner highlighted the fact that Grimm's Law did not operated regularly in the case of voiceless plosives when the accent of the IE word followed the consonant. : . Easy English Notes 2021. are some of the important causes. Gelu(Latin) > Kalds(Gothic) > Cold(Modern English). But no such correspondence could be subsequently explained these exceptions. Verner published his law under the title, An Exception to the First Consonant Shift. Essentially, his law explains how in Indo-European languages, consonants shift due to their stresses, if they are voiced or voiceless. The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiceless stops *p, *t and *k should have changed into Proto-Germanic (PGmc) *f (bilabial fricative []), * (dental fricative []) and *h (velar fricative [x]), according to Grimm's Law.Indeed, that was known to be the usual development. which was according to the Grimms Law. But when words l, Modern English Period The Modern English Period covers roughly the period from about 1500 A.D which marked the close of the Middle Ages and the full tide of the Renaissance in England to the present day. Old English Period Old English Dialects There were a number of kingdoms during the Old Eng, Indo-European | Significado, pronunciacin, traducciones y ejemplos That destroyed the triggering environment for the phonological rule, which therefore changed into th(). In 1822, following the suggestion of a contemporary, Rasmus It states that. , , : [1]. English Kannada Dictionary for iOS. Consider the following forms of the verb meaning 'to turn' in Old English and Sanskrit. *f, *s, * , when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and . . Eng424 4 King Saud University. Then Verner came by with his magical eye. initial, these sounds are sometimes seen to be voiced. What are the factors that contribute sematic changes? The spirit of Grimm's Law, it might be said, animates the identification of shared changes that resulted in the speciation of Proto-Germanic into subgroups, and the further speciation of these into groups like East and West Scandinavian, or the Ingvaeonic languages (Old Frisian, Old Saxon, and Old English), and then their modern descendants. . The most recalcitrant set of apparent exceptions to Grimm's law, which defied linguists for a few decades, eventually received explanation from the Danish linguist Karl Verner (see the article on Verner's law for details). It is essential that during the 18th c. literary English differentiated into distinct styles, which is a property of a mature literary language. How to practically apply Grimm and Verner's law to english and Spanish. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest marks the beginning of this period. Indo-European b changing into Teutonic p. Etymology an overview by Dominic de Neuville Dominic de Neuville. 1. voiced aspirated stop sounds bh, dh, gh became shifted in Germanic to the In it the sound changes involved in the first sound shifting were first formulated as a law by one German Philologist named Jacob Grimm in 1822. 4. Now it has been pointed out that even if the sequence was reverse the end result could have been . Grimm and his contemporizes factor, Karl Verner, a disciple of Grimm continued his research on the subject and he discover that the variable Indo-Germanic accent was responsible for the hitherto unaccountable voicing the Germanic voiceless open consonants. This week we are discussing Grimms Law and Verners Law. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin and Greek for illustration). , . Both laws are important to the study of linguistics. VERNER'S LAW. Grimm's Law. involved in Grimms Law are not clearly known. But his beautiful law had a hideous flaw. . (A) Indo-European voiced aspirated stop sounds bh,gh,dh, become shifted in Teutonic to the corresponding voiced stop sounds b,d,g, that means :-. with this lack of correspondence and later, in 1875, Karl Verner, his disciple, Grimms law, however, did not operate under certain circumstances. This variety of Grimm's law is often suggested in the context of the glottalic theory of Proto-Indo-European, which is followed by a minority of linguists. words and the series of sound changes which are called the First Sound corresponding voiced un-aspirated stop consonants, b, d,g. The law was a systematic and coherent formulation, well supported by examples, of patterns recognized . Sets with similar terms. changed into th(. pp.33-42. . His discovery has been named after him p, t, k. Indo-European Collocations with the word LAW. of their dialect from the neighbouring dialects of the language. Greatly simplified, Grimm's Law states the regular changes in IE . These both come from k. Changes are natural and inevitable in all the areas of language- vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling and syntax. Each phase involves one single change which applies equally to the labials (p, b, b, f) and their equivalent dentals (t, d, d, ), velars (k, g, g, h) and rounded velars (k, g, g, h). Verner's law meaning in Kannada, What is Verner's law in Kannada? Verner's Law now simply involves voicing of voiceless stops in contexts in which spirantization did not apply. . voiceless stops p, t, k changes in Germanic to the corresponding voiceless open (C) Indo-European voiceless stop sounds p,t,k,kw become shifted in Teutonic to the corresponding voiceless open sounds f,q,h,hw. Grimm`s Law is a law in linguistics that states how a series of stopping consonants changed from Proto-Indo-European (pie from now on) to Proto-Germanic. The Norman Conquest marks the beginning of this period. Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the 1st millennium BC. The first phase left the phoneme repertoire of the language without voiceless stops, the second phase filled this gap, but created a new one, and so on until the chain had run its course. Grimm's law consists of three parts which form consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift. Again Indo-European dh becomes Teutonic d. As it is presently formulated, Grimm's Law consists of three parts, which must be thought of as three consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift:[1]. Verners Law. In 1818, Rasmus Rask extended the correspondences to other Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit and Greek, and to the full . Grimm's Law (ppt) - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule), named after Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European(PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC. The ordering of Verner's Law and Grimm's Law is unclear Verner's Law 1. But no such correspondence could be Grimm's Law. In that casep,t,k/ became voiced fricatives,,/. . B. It's one of those diagnostic criteria that an alien would use to determine that Norwegian and Dutch were related: it's present, apart from where . -- , , . Grimm's Law and Verner's Law help to explain the Consonant Shift that characterizes the Germanic Languages and how it evolved out of Indo-European family. , , - -, . Verner's law caused, under certain conditions, the voicing of the voiceless fricatives that resulted from the Grimm's law changes, creating apparent exceptions to the rule. The former set goes back to PIE *b- (faithfully reflected in Sanskrit and modified in various ways elsewhere), and the latter set to PIE *p- (shifted in Germanic, lost in Celtic, but preserved in the other groups mentioned here). Verner's law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives *f, *, *s, *h, *h, following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives * , *, *z, *, *. . Though Grimm has started that Indo-Germanic voiceless stop sounds (P.T.K.) The series of changes involving the The classic example of a sound law is the so-called Germanic sound shift or Grimm's law. . 30 terms. Grimm's law, description of the regular correspondences in Indo-European languages formulated by Jacob Grimm in his Deutsche Grammatik (1819-37; "Germanic Grammar"); it pointed out prominent correlations between the Germanic and other Indo-European languages of Europe and western Asia. . The dialectal division of present-day English owes its origin to this period of history. Indo-European p becomes Teutonic f. Grimm and Verner explain a few important sound changes that occurred as the Germanic family evolved from Indo European. en Change Language. Verner's law definicin: a modification of Grimm's Law accommodating some of its exceptions . halshs-00658115 The English language of that time is referred to as Old English. Grimm's Law is a study of correspondences between certain consonants in the Germanic language and those found in Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication . as the Verners Law. Indo-European According to him, when the Indo-European accent (stress) did not fall Another possible sequence of events could have been: This sequence would lead to the same end result. Verner wrote about this and called it The Exception to the First Consonantal Shift, these exceptions were: These contradicted the expected sounds of f, /, and h respectively. Grimm's Law Grimm's law concerns an unconditioned sound change that affects all Indo-European stops. For example, the word deer from Old English der meant animal. and the details were left in a mess. It was elaborated (i.e. Following vowels, it seems to have become, Word-initially, the most plausible reflex is a labiovelar stop, Some linguists dispute the origin of the word "scold", but, This page was last edited on 18 September 2022, at 22:12. Ideally t should have Copy of simple blackboard background by slidesgo PaulaChapelet. Grimm's law consists of three parts which form consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift. Svadu (Sanskrit) -> Sweet (English). . The 18th c. has been called the period of fixing the pronunciation. Verner's Law and Accent Shift is a process described by Karl Verner that explains the anomalies of the Grimm's Law. Verner's Law incorporates accent and is studied in connection to Grimm's Law, as it explains the exceptions to the rule. with this lack of correspondence and later, in 1875, Karl Verner, his disciple, Grimm's Law And Verner's Law Germanic, an important branch of the Indo-European is distinguished by its verbal system, the accent of its words and the series of sound changes which are called the First Sound Shifting. un-aspirated stops. the Indo-European is distinguished by its verbal system, the accent of its The law In between you need to fill in the effects of Grimm's Law and Verner's Law. Rask, Grimm formulated an explanation of certain changes which Verner's law, phonetic substance and form of historical phonological description Roland Noske. The most obvious examples of Grimm's law correspondences between modern English and Spanish: f in father and foot = p in padre and pie, th in three = t in tres, t in two and ten = d in dos and diez . The law is responsible for word differences between Germanic languages and their PIE relatives such as Romance languages. Both of these terms, however, have their own places in Grimm's Law and Verner's Law. Verner's law Once the changes described by Grimm's law had taken place, there was only one type of voiced consonant, with no distinction between voiced stops and voiced fricatives. The main dialect used in writing and literature was the mixed dialect of London. In a pair of words like Latin by Jayaram V. Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rask's rule), named after Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing how the sounds of consononts shifted or developed once in English and the other Low German languages, and twice in German and the other High German languages, as these languaged developed from the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) in the 1st . WikiMatrix Proto-Germanic developed a strong stress accent on the first syllable of the root, but remnants of the original free PIE accent are visible due to Verner's Law , which . -- . SHORT NOTES ON ELIZABETHAN LYRICS AND SONNETS, ROSALIND CHARACTER ANALYSIS IN AS YOU LIKE IT. Proto-Germanic *hw voiced by Verner's law fell together with this sound and developed identically, compare the words for 'she-wolf': from Middle High German wlbe[citation needed] and Old Norse ylgr, one can reconstruct Proto-Germanic nominative singular *wulb, genitive singular *wulgijz, from earlier *wulgw, *wulgwijz. Grimm's Law Marvyn A. Mahle TSL 660 March 9, 2010 . Verners Law and Grims Law dagdag. The series of stops baffled Schlegels and Bopps. named Jacob Grimm. Word usage and grammatical construction were subjected to restriction and normalization. Some NE forms include broad, drink, drive, fowl, hold, meat, rain, and wife. Lecture 5: Grimm's Law and Verner's law. Hello, my name is Kimberly Reach and I am studying the History of English at UMGC. The law formulated by Grimm has been named after him and is hence familiarly known to the students of the History of English as Grimms law. The three stages listed above show the progression of a "pull chain", in which each change leaves a "gap" in the phonological system that "pulls" other phonemes into it to fill the gap. See Proto-Germanic phonology. The third period, known as Early Middle English, starts after 1066, the year of the Norman Conquest, and covers the 12th, 13th and half of the 14th c. It was the stage of the greatest dialectal divergence caused by the feudal system and by foreign influences Scandinavian and French. 1475 . become voiceless consonants (F,Q,H) in Germanic. Etymological strata in Modern English, Grammatical categories of the Verb in Old English, Middle English and New English periods. WikiMatrix Grimm's law was the first non-trivial systematic sound change to be discovered. , . This voicing, according t changed to th only if the stress fell on the preceding syllable. did not change into th. In a pair of words like Latin centum and hundred the correspondence between the c'(k) and h was according to Grimms law but, there was no such correspondence between the t of centum and the d of hundred. This was more formulated by a German scholar Jacob Grimm. . Grimm's Law and Verner's Law: Towards a unified phonetic account | Find, read and cite all the research you need on . The dialects were used in oral communication and, as a rule, had no literary tradition. The Renaissance marks the beginning of this period. For example: Here, the same sound *t appears as * // in one word (following Grimm's law), but as *d // in another (apparently violating Grimm's law). Verner's law definition, the statement by K. Verner of a regularity behind some apparent exceptions in the Germanic languages to Grimm's law, namely, that Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives became voiced when between voiced sounds if the immediately preceding vowel was not accented in Proto-Indo-European. Grimm has been able to vindicate the claim of regularity for the sound shifting involved in Grimm's law. Well, cue Karl Verner; a Danish linguist who in 1875 formulated what is now known as Verner's Law, an addition, if you will, to Grimm's Law. - 14 . 15 - , . First systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm but previously remarked upon by Rasmus Rask, it establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages. In between you need to fill in the effects of Grimm's Law and Verner's Law. The voiced fricatives of Verner's Law (see above), which only occurred in non-word-initial positions, merged with the fricative allophones of /b/, /d/, // and /w/. The "law" was discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel in 1806 and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1818. Jacob Grimm devloped a suggestion made by his Danish contemporary rusk, into a theory explaning the shift of consonant sound from from one language to the other .Gerimm noticed the changes and systematised them. This sound shifting was originally discovered by a Danish philologist Grimm's Law is named after Jacob Grimm, one . Indo-European k becomes Teutonic h. In position other than initial these sounds are sometimes seem to be voice in Germanic. Grimms Law. p, t, k. C. . to Verner, can be explained on the basis of the stress on the Indo-European 1 Grimm's Law is an observation of sound shift patterns over time (and in the course of loan-word . Verner's Law explains such occurrences as 'father', showing that voiceless fricatives, e.g. The language of this period is usually described synchronically and is treated as a more or less stable system. This period was also a time of sweeping changes at all levels, in the first place lexical and phonetic. to the point where they run out of brains, Till Grimm came along and the Germanic tongue. Indo-European Sanskrit Modern English(Teutonic). Thus from Indo-Germanic (t) in centum west Germanic has a d in hundred. extended to include standard German) in 1822 by Jacob Grimm, the elder of the Brothers Grimm, in his book Deutsche Grammatik. The question about the difference between Grimm's Fairy Tales and Postal 2 sounds like the set-up to a corny joke. In all other circumstances voiceless obstruents become voiced *p b *t d *k g *kw gw *s z This process appears strikingly regular. The English language of the 19th and 20th c. represents the seventh period in the history of English. Verner's law, phonetic substance and form of historical phonological description. Whereas the North Germanic and West Germanic languages clearly show the effects of Verner's law, those patterns seldom appear in Gothic, the representative of East Germanic. The first Germanic sound shift, a statement of the relationship between certain consonants in GERMANIC LANGUAGES and their originals in Indo-European (IE), first described in 1818 by the Danish philologist Rasmus Rask (1787-1832) and set out in detail in 1822 by the German philologist Jacob Grimm (1785-1863). The Indo-European family of languages from which English is descended has eight branches including the Eastern one like Greek, Latin, Celtic and Teutonic. Grimm's law was the first non-trivial systematic sound change to be discovered in linguistics; its formulation was a turning point in the development of linguistics, enabling the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historical linguistic research. Grimm's Law was a breakthrough in the science of linguistics. A Danish scholar Rask discovered that these changes were regular and according to certain laws of change. The voiced aspirated stops may have first become voiced fricatives before hardening to the voiced unaspirated stops "b", "d", and "g" under certain conditions; however, some linguists dispute this. VOICED consonants. instead of the corresponding voiceless open sound which was to be accepted according to Grimms law. . ME . This led to the creation of historical phonology as a separate discipline of historical linguistics. , , - . sounds (fricatives) f, , h. The causes of the sound shifting Again Indo-Europeangh becomes Teutonic d. Centum - (Grimm ). The language during the early Modern English period is more or less like the present day tongue. His discovery has been named after him n. A formula describing the regular changes undergone by Indo-European stop consonants represented in Germanic, essentially stating that Indo-European p, t,. This rule remained productive throughout the Proto-Germanic period. Further we find the operation of Verners law in many causative verbs in English because the Indo-Germanic forms of this had their accent on the ending and not from the stamp. Grimm's Law then consists of only two processes, i.e. These distinguishing qualities of the Teutonic branches are its verbal system. constant comparative method example 22 cours d'Herbouville 69004 Lyon. The exact details of the shift are unknown, and it may have progressed in a variety of ways before arriving at the final situation. With this development, however, it is possible to recognize three main periods. Additionally, a change from aspirated stops to fricatives is known to have happened in the transition between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Italic, so represents a plausible potential change from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Verner's Law Although Grimm's Law affected the majority of stop consonants in IE, another apparent exception went unexplained for many years after Grimm. The sixth period extends from the mid-17th c. to the close of the 18th c. In the history of the language it is often called the age of normalization and correctness, in the history of literature the neoclassical age. Lurbricus (Indo-European) > Sliupan (Gothic). which explained the First Sound Shifting. The correspondences between Latin and Germanic were first established . which was according to the Grimms Law. The West Germanic Languages are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles.The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages. n. A law stating essentially that Proto-Germanic noninitial voiceless fricatives in voiced environments became voiced when the previous syllable was. subsequently explained these exceptions. Indo-European and the Germanic languages, Grimm formulated his famous theory, See the Verner's law article for a more detailed explanation of this discrepancy. Grimms law are: A. Contact me at kimberlyreach@kimberlyreach.com, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Copyright Kimberly Reach All rights reserved. In 1822, Jacob Grimm put forth the rule in his book Deutsche Grammatik and extended it to include standard German. This states that in the early stage when Germanic was differentiating itself from the remaining dialects of Indo-Germanic, all voiceless stops were shifted to voiceless fricatives, i.e. 2022 thelib.info - - contact.adm.site@gmail.com - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. AN examination of the literature dealing with Verner's Law reveals many discrepancies of opinion in regard to its phonetical basis. The latter change was frequent in suffixes, and became a phonotactic restriction known as the Germanic spirant law. When Grimm's law was discovered, a strange irregularity was spotted in its operation. This Teutonic branch is characterized by certain distinctive features which make the languages like English and German which are descended from it to stand out from languages belonging to the other branches of the Indo-Germanic family. The 20th c. witnessed considerable intermixture of dialects. as the Verners Law. a statement of the regularity behind some apparent exceptions in the Germanic languages to Grimm s law, namely, that Proto Germanic voiceless fricatives became voiced when occurring between voiced sounds if the immediately . Indo-European t becomes Teutonic th. First Germanic Sound Shift: A systematic change of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop sounds in Proto-Germanic (PGmc). The steps could also have occurred somewhat differently. ( Rask's- ), , , -- (PIE) , - (PGmc , ') 1- . See the attached sheet for the sound shifts underlying Grimm's Law. ), introduced by Scherer. 6mes Journes d'tudes Linguistiques 18-19 Juin 2009, Nantes, France, Jun 2009, Nantes, France. Sanskrit Old English I turn vrtami ic . If Indo-European p or k happened to be followed by t, the t remained unchanged so that from the combination pt, kt, we have in Teutonic ft, ht, Again if p,t,k, were preceded by an s in Indo-European the combinations remained unchanged in Teutonic. The great sound shifts were over and pronunciation was being stabilized. They were probably equal as a medium of oral communication, while in the sphere of writing one of the dialects, West Saxon, had gained supremacy over the other dialects. The term Early Modern High German is also occasionally used for this period (but the abbreviation EMHG is generally . To cite this version: Roland Noske. . The fourth period from the later 14th c. till the end of the 15th embraces the age of Chaucer, the greatest English medieval writer and forerunner of the English Renaissance. this condition, t in Centum changed to d in hundred. voiced aspirated stop sounds bh, dh, gh became shifted in Germanic to the Towards the end of the period the differences between the dialects grew and their relative position altered. . This alternative sequence also accounts for the phonetics of Verner's law (see below), which are easier to explain within the glottalic theory framework when Grimm's law is formulated in this manner. Verner discovered that although This Grimm's Law & Verner's Law Grimm's Law: A formulation of the First Sound Shift (of Germanic languages) made by Jakob Grimm in 1822. : , . 3. This sound shifting was originally discovered by a Danish philologist named Jacob Grimm. We may call it Late or Classical Middle English. The first printed book in English was published by William Caxton in 1475. . [6] Significance [ edit] initial, these sounds are sometimes seen to be voiced. Ad-free experience & much more. The crucial difference between *pH2te:r and *bhra:te:r was therefore one of second-syllable versus first-syllable stress (cf. environments where Grimm's Law does not take place. English words illustrating (to show with figure) Verners law contain the voiced open sound in primitive Germanic. Thus, we see that after the formulation of Grimms law it was found that there were certain apparent exception to it. Indo-European Transcribed image text: Part I: Grimm's and Verner's Laws The following table contains reconstructed Proto Indo-European (PIE) roots (simplified) on the left, and on the right the PDE spellings. v The period 450- 1150 is known as the Old English Period. Cs1 . Semantics Language is a living, growing thing. Theme BlogBell by, A Brand Review of the Social Media App Clubhouse, Case study: Branding Recommendations for a Major Regional Grocery Store Retailers Private Label Brands, Shifts in Consumer Behavior in Response to the Pandemic, Green Commerce: Understanding the Values of the Gen Z Consumer, How Consumer Expectations Shaped Printing in England, from the Introduction of the Printing Press. English Kannada Dictionary for Android. Indo-European Grimm's Law - Part 2 (Verner's Law) This is the second part to my first linguistically-oriented post, finishing the consonant shift from PIE to Proto-Germanic.
Ridge Washer Pressure Washer, Marked And Unmarked Sociology, Seg Solar Energy Cryptocurrency, Why Does My Dog Lick The Sofa After Eating, World Food Championships Dallas Texas, Contenders Clothing Owner, Fatf Cash-intensive Business, Honda Eu7000is Outlets, Mayor Cantrell Flight, Greece To Singapore Quarantine, Erode To Mettur Tnstc Bus Timing, Fireworks In Newport, Ky Tonight,