By continuing to browse our site you agree to our Privacy & Cookie Policy. Monkey meat is the flesh and other edible parts derived from monkeys, to do so would be to waste a fine-tasting delicacy". Lets imagine together the future of food. Dual mechanism -amino acid polymers promoting cell adhesion. After 24h, media was aspirated, and cells were rinsed 1x with DPBS. Cell confluency in the images is qualitatively consistent with growth analysis in part (a). Doumit, M. E. & Merkel, R. A. The value of the global meat sector was estimated at $897 billion in 2021, and forecast to reach $1.354 billion by 2027. When seeding cells for passages 2, 4, 6, and 7, additional wells were seeded for staining for myosin heavy chain (P2, P4 and P6) or lipid accumulation (P7). They promise to make humanhealth better, with new syn-bio therapies likely to vanquish many diseases. Kangaroo meat has a very high concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) when compared with other foods. On day 1, cells were rinsed with PBS and media was changed to Beefy-9. Here is a list of 11 super healthy probiotic foods. Finally, governments must keep in mind that the same syn-bio products can be created in different ways, and so, the regulatory regimes will need to vary. In March, the Dutch government passed a motion to legalize public samplings of cultured meats. Cultivated meat is animal meat that does not require any farming, slaughtering, or harming of animals. For instance, several forecasts in 2020 suggested that cultivated meat was likely to grow into a$150 billion segmentby the end of this decade, and account for around 10% of the global meat market. FORTUNE is a trademark of Fortune Media IP Limited, registered in the U.S. and other countries. The present work offers a simple, affordable, and effective Beefy-9 and Beefy-9+ serum-free media for improving cultured meat research. Alternative meat products are still more expensive than regular meat products. To overcome the deficiencies of B8 media alone, numerous supplements were tested in a range of concentrations (full list in TableS2), and growth was again analyzed over four days. Protoc. Cells were cultured to confluency and differentiated in a serum-free differentiation medium as previously described. Scale barsare 200m. Rzymski, P. et al. In 2018, the duo teamed up with Krijn de Nood, a former McKinsey consultant, to co-found Meatable and bring their concept to the market. The free-from and plant-based food market has witnessed a transformation over the past year, with the COVID-19 pandemic helping to drive greater consumer awareness of Cruelty-free dog food company Wild Earth has developed a cell-based meat broth topper that will be available to consumers in 2023. Mcaleer, C. W., Rumsey, J. W., Stancescu, M. & Hickman, J. J. Functional myotube formation from adult rat satellite cells in a defined serum-free system. Manure provides environmental benefits when properly managed. Tsubouchi, K., Igarashi, Y., Takasu, Y. Results show that the addition ofrAlbumin significantly improved cell growth in B8 over four weeks, although not to the degree of serum. After 24h of incubation at 37C with 5% CO2, the plated suspensions (containing satellite cells) were transferred to flasks coated with 1g/cm2 mouse laminin (Sigma #CC095, St. Louis, MO, USA), which were left untouched for three days before growth media was changed, and cells were cultured using standard practices on tissue-culture plastic coated with 0.25 ug/cm2 iMatrix recombinant laminin-511 (Iwai North America #N892021, San Carlos, CA, USA). The results indicated that delaying the addition of rAlbumin was necessary to allow cell adhesion and growth, as was coating with a cell adhesive peptide (Fig. Together, these results indicate that Beefy-9 maintains BSC myogenicity over long-term culture at least as well as serum-containing media. Godfray, H. C. J. et al. Results are supported by immunofluorescent staining for these markers (Fig. To overcome these possible limitations, BSC passaging was explored1) with the exclusion of rAlbumin until oneday after passaging in order to allow cells to adhere to the flasksovernight,and 2) with various concentrations of different adhesive proteins. Next, a protocol for passaging BSCs in Beefy-9 is established and shown to maintain cellular myogenicity in serum-free conditions. Consuming cultivated meat will increase access to food and as a result, can potentially reduce world hunger. All Rights Reserved. Its shocking because syn-bio products have several advantages over conventional ones. The last step after validating Beefy-9 for short-term growth and establishing an appropriate passaging protocol was to validate long-term expansion of BSCs in Beefy-9. However, the cost and efficacy of these media will require further optimization for industrial scale production of cultured meats that aim to reach price-parity with conventional meats. Cultured meat production uses considerably less water resources when compared to conventional meat production. The impact of rAlbumin on Beefy-9s efficacy for BSCs is noteworthy, particularly considering that the addition of albumin did not show nearly as profound of an effect on iPSC growth when B8 was originally developed14. The milk guts are pulled out and a wooden skewer is used to close up the carcase. According to data from the 2014-2015 NDNS, the average intake of red and processed meat for UK adults is 76 grams per day for men and 48 grams for women.This is lower compared to 89 grams per day for men and 56 grams for women reported in the 2008-2009 NDNS. In Norway a major producer of farmed and wild salmon farmed and wild salmon differ only slightly in terms of food quality and safety, with farmed salmon having lower content of environmental contaminants, and wild salmon having higher content of omega-3 fatty acids. It is a form of cellular agriculture.. Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques pioneered in regenerative medicine. These moves have attracted global recognition. Kangaroo meat has a very high concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) when compared with other foods. The main challenges in this sector remain taste, cost and scale, explains Garofalo. Read on. Scientists have also questioned the environmental benefits. Future projections of different scenarios - CE Delft. This process is named Kuka Kanyini looking after game animals. Water Content of Meat and Poultry If the cow next to me has no beef with it why not? To verify the identity of sub-confluent cells over multiple passages in various media, cells were fixed, stained, and imaged as previously described, using primary antibodies for Pax7 and MyoD (ThermoFisher #MA5-12902; 1:100) along with DAPI and secondary antibodies for rabbit (ThermoFisher #A-11072; 1:500) and mouse (ThermoFisher #A-11001), respectively. However, only 14.5% of Australians were reported in 2008 as eating kangaroo meat at least four times per year. Some potential benefits of lab-grown meat include: Less contamination. b Brightfield images of BSCs grown for three days in Beefy-9 media with 0 or 5ng/mL FGF-2. Eng. & Buckingham, M. A Pax3/Pax7-dependent population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Its smart to proactively discuss the intent of the new technology. Monkey meat is the flesh and other edible parts derived from monkeys, to do so would be to waste a fine-tasting delicacy". Moreover, as Singapore has shown, creating the conditions in which syn-bio start-ups will flourish isnt solely the prerogative of large, industrialized countries. Fourth, long-term expansion and sustained myogenicity of BSCs are validated in fullyserum-free conditions. This includes validation of: (1) the efficacy of these media in promoting BSC proliferation, (2) the ability of these media to enable long-term expansion when used in combination with rAlbumin-free B8 and truncated vitronectin, (3) the maintenance of satellite cell myogenicity when expanded in Beefy-9 and Beefy-9+, and (4) cost savings compared to serum-containing media. However, research and development has been hindered by the lack of serum-free media that enable the robust expansion of relevant cells (e.g., muscle satellite cells) over multiple passages. Research has shown that agriculture is responsible for 92% of our water usage, and that just 1 kg of beef requires 15,415 liters 3a). ProVeg International, an NGO dedicated to reducing animal consumption, recently named the Netherlands the top European nation for government support of cultured meat. Briefly, BSCs were thawed (passage number <2) and plated in BSC-GM on 96-well tissue-culture plastic plates for each timepoint at a density of 2,500 cells/cm2 with 0.25 ug/cm2 iMatrix recombinant laminin-511. Cultivated meat isnt only a groundbreaking innovation, it is also a crucial solution for our planet and food industry. The rule of thumb is to allow pound (225g) of meat per person. the Netherlands the top European nation for government support of cultured meat. 4a). Kangaroo is called Kere aherre by the Arrernte people of Central Australia: You find kangaroos in flat country or mulga country. PubMed Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more Third, cost-saving opportunities for Beefy-9 are demonstrated by lowering growth-factor concentrations without a drastic reduction in proliferation. (a) Slaughtering animals or preparation of articles capable of use as human food. Prog. Google Scholar. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Seaweed, or macroalgae, refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae.The term includes some types of Rhodophyta (red), Phaeophyta (brown) and Chlorophyta (green) macroalgae. Communications Biology (Commun Biol) Fabrizius-Homan, D. J. We thank New Harvest for their support of this work. To obtain J. Biomol. Cultivated meat provides another meat protein option that can alleviate the pressure off conventional supply chain while using considerably lower amounts of natural resources to produce meat. Research has shown that agriculture is responsible for 92% of our water usage, and that just 1 kg of beef requires 15,415 liters Zammit, P. S. et al. Short term analyses with concentrations of rAlbumin up to 11.2mg/mL revealed continued improvements with increased rAlbumin, with the highest concentration yielding an 8.5-fold improvement in 4-day growth compared to Beefy-9s 800 ug/mL (0.8mg/mL) (Fig. Haraguchi, Y. Stepping up its collaborative effortsIn addition to its partnership with the University of Berkeley, Givaudan is also actively working with some of the latest technologies in collaboration with Bhler and Migros, with whom it has formed the Cultured Hub in Kemptthal, Switzerland. PubMed Central In 2009 wildlife ecologist Dr Dror Ben-Ami for a University of Technology Sydney think-tank estimated that 440,000 "dependent young kangaroos" are bludgeoned or starved to death each year after their mother has been shot. The Powerball jackpot is a record $1.9 billion. While BSC-GM was still the optimal media over a long growth period, Beefy-9 with high or low FGF-2 content showed significant improvements over B8 media without the addition of rAlbumin (Fig. To test the effect of different coatings, 48-well plates were prepared with or without pre-coating with poly-D-lysine (Sigma #P1024-10MG) according to the manufacturers instructions. Article 6a and S6). As such, despite the substantial body of work that has gone into the exploration of satellite cell culture systems10,11,12,13, a food-safe and fully animal-derived component-free medium remains a crucial limitation for the field. 06 Oct 2022 --- The growth of plant-based alternatives has been fueled by rising consumer desire for healthier food products that have less impact on the planet. The Netherlands, meanwhile, is increasing domestic support. Read More, The free-from and plant-based food market has witnessed a transformation over the past year, with the COVID-19 pandemic helping to drive greater consumer awareness of Prog. Interestingly, differentiation appeared improved in BSCs cultured in Beefy-9 media compared with BSC-GM over multiple passages, both in terms of myotube size and density, and in terms of quantitative fusion index (Figs. A list of supplements and concentrations can be found in TableS1. Here are just a few examples of the numerous state-of-the-art, non-animal methods available and their demonstrated benefits: In Vitro Testing. In 2021, the REACT-EU program gave another Dutch company, Mosa Meat, 2 million to cut cultured beef costs, while Horizon Europe offered 32 million for research into sustainable proteins. Manure that is deposited on pastures by grazing animals is an effective way to preserve soil fertility. While the existing technologies offer a significant opportunity for innovation, the main challenges in this sector remain cost and scale. Although most species of macropod are protected from non-Aboriginal hunting in Australia by law, a small number of the large-sized species which exist in high numbers can be hunted by commercial hunters. Media costs for BSC-GM;Beefy-9, high FGF; and Beefy-9, low FGF were assessed for reagents bought at small scale (those used in this study), and reagents if bought in bulk from available suppliers. For both small-scale and bulk purchasing, rAlbumin is a major cost-driver for Beefy-9 media, as is FGF-2 when used at 40ng/mL. This puts my head in a spin. Because syn-bio technologies dont scale linearly, engineering and development will be crucial to make it possible. Thanks also go to Natalie Rubio, Ning Xiang, Michael Saad, Sophie Letcher and Kyle Fish for their scientific input. & Ellis, M. J. Bioprocess design considerations for cultured meat production with a focus on the expansion bioreactor. Cultivated meat remains costly to produce, complicated to scale, and ethically contentious. Luining ends our chat with a question: would I eat his cultivated meat? Commun. But, so much has Stakeholders must be involved at every stage of the value chain, from lab to market, to ensure that consumers buy syn-bio products. Eating fermented foods with live probiotics can have powerful benefits for your body and brain. Did you know we have a newsletter all about AI? BSCs were seeded as before and fed with either serum-containing BSC-GM, B8, Beefy-9 with high FGF-2 (40ng/mL), or Beefy-9 with low FGF-2 (5ng/mL). Read More. Today, natural resources worldwide, such as land, water, and livestock are limited. These results indicated that substantial reduction in FGF-2 is possible to lower the cost of Beefy-9 without negatively impacting short-term growth rates. Next, simple cost reduction strategies for Beefy-9 were explored by lowering the concentration of FGF-2, which is a major cost contributor to B8 and Beefy-9 formulations at the baseline concentration of 40ng/mL. The sector has developed rapidly since the worlds first lab-grownburger was, One of the scientists behind the project was Daan Luining. [8][9][11], While kangaroo meat has enjoyed popularity for its organic nature, little information has been available about its nutrition benefits besides articles dedicated to the value of CLA's. Its all about practice, because doing this is pioneering work.. Then it is tossed on top of the fire to singe the hair which is scraped off, and then it's [put in a hole and] covered up with hot earth and coals. Writer at Neural by TNW. Batch colocalization analysis was performed on multiple images using the BZ-X800 image cytometry software to enumerate the nuclei which were positive for Pax7, thereby giving a quantitative measure of satellite cell purity in the isolated cell population. A myriad of health benefits are said to be derived from the consumption of monkey meat, and, for instance, Japanese women allegedly consume monkey meat after childbirth to regain their vigour. Lack of significance between samples is indicated by ns across all samples that hold no significant difference from 40ng/mL). 8c). Doubling time (Fig. Givaudans latest research delves into the future perspective of plant-based, highlighting the benefits of emerging 3D printing technology, the near future techniques of cultured meat and Mycelium biomass fermentation producing fungi-derived protein. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Plasticrelated chemicals impact wildlife by entering niche environments and spreading through different species and food chains. According to data from the 2014-2015 NDNS, the average intake of red and processed meat for UK adults is 76 grams per day for men and 48 grams for women.This is lower compared to 89 grams per day for men and 56 grams for women reported in the 2008-2009 NDNS. In contrast, other supplements resulted in at best only a ~50% improvement compared with plain B8. 13, 107126 (1996). Throughout culture in Beefy-9 with additional rAlbumin, cells maintained their myogenicity (Fig. Turner, N. et al. the market for cultivated meat could reach $25 billion (26 billion) by 2030. Li, J. et al. Cells were then fixed, stained, and imaged as previously described, using primary antibodies for myosin heavy chain (MHC) (Developmental studies hybridoma bank #MF-20, Iowa City, IA, USA; 4g/mL), phalloidin 594 (1:100), appropriate secondary antibodies (ThermoFisher #A-11001, 1:1000), and Fluoroshield mounting medium with DAPI. Foods Made with Cultured Animal Cells; Regulations for Package Dating; Understanding Your Benefits. A myriad of health benefits are said to be derived from the consumption of monkey meat, and, for instance, Japanese women allegedly consume monkey meat after childbirth to regain their vigour. Sustain. This amounts to a 75% cost reduction on a per-liter basis compared with bulk-ordered BSC-GM. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Additionally, HiDef-B8 medium aliquots were generously provided by Defined Bioscience (Defined Bioscience # LSS-201, San Diego, CA, USA) and addedto DMEM/F12 with 1% antibiotic/antimycotic. Kangaroo harvesting only occurs in approved harvest zones and quotas are set to ensure the sustainability of kangaroo populations. Commun Biol 5, 466 (2022). People have deep suspicions about syn-bio applications, just as they have about organismswhose genetic makeup has been modified in a laboratory using genetic engineering or transgenic technology (GMOs). PubMed In 1948, a Dutch medical school student researcher, Willem van Eelen, came up with the idea after stumbling across experiments using stem cell tech to grow cells in a tank. Plasticrelated chemicals impact wildlife by entering niche environments and spreading through different species and food chains. 6b). There is much discussion about meat consumption and its negative effects on our planet and on animal welfare. Many Australian restaurants serve kangaroo meat. Reactions were performed using 3.5 uL of the prepared cDNA, according to the manufacturers instructions. This deficiency has led the field to rely on FBS for most research, thereby hindering the relevance of findings. It is possible that these regulating effects impart an advantage to Beefy-9 and Beefy-9+ over B8 alone, as the latter was not incapable of promoting cell division in BSCs over the short term, only of fostering robust and prolonged expansion. Others, such as mammalian cells, havent reached that stageyet. Muscle 6, 112 (2016). n=3 distinct samples; statistical significance was calculated via two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons between media. In the case of processed beef, the meat is not derived from mechanically separated/recovered meat. The produce can satisfy our need for protein (and desire for meat), reduce our carbon footprint, and prevent animal suffering. FGF-2 could be reduced to 5ng/mL or 1.25ng/mL in B8 or Beefy-9, respectively, without significantly impacting cell growth over four days. Cultured meat (also known by other names) is meat produced by culturing animal cells in vitro. Gene Ther. [17], Kangaroo meat has been exported since 1959. Jason Matheny popularized the concept in the early 2000s after he co-authored a paper on cultured meat production and created New Harvest, the world's n=6 distinct samples; statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons between all samples, and is indicated by asterisks, in which p<0.05 (*), p<0.01 (**), p<0.001 (***), and p<0.0001 (****). 8d), though the degree of MF20 staining as well as myotube density and diameter appear to have been reduced for cells grown in media containing 6.4mg/mL rAlbumin (especially with reduced FGF). editorial@cnsmedia.com. The nascent sector could also become big business. 5d and S5). The new research is Givaudans fourth collaboration with the University of Berkeley, California. Kangaroos are harvested by licensed shooters in accordance with a strict code of practice to ensure high standards of both humaneness and food hygiene. Promising options for this include further media optimization, the use of spontaneously or genetically immortalized stem cells, which could improve long-term outcomes in Beefy-936,37, and the exploration of different concentrations of insulin, fatty acids, or other signaling factors to better control progression down myogenic vs. adipogenic pathways. Industry advocates proffer myriad benefits and needs. Editor's Pick. Allen, R. E., Dodson, M. V., Luiten, L. S. & Boxhorn, L. K. A serum-free medium that supports the growth of cultured skeletal muscle satellite cells. Here, efforts can focus on adipose as well as muscle tissue, for instance through the use of free fatty acid addition to Beefy-9 to induce the transdifferentiation of BSCs into lipid-accumulating cells35. Throughout culture, cells were fed every two days. Were feeding the cells, brewing to create more cells, and then we turn them into muscle or fat, he says. 06 Oct 2022 --- The growth of plant-based alternatives has been fueled by rising consumer desire for healthier food products that have less impact on the planet. Singapore may be showing the way, but most countries, unaware of the potential of syn-bio, havent put the emergent industry at the top of their policy agendas. B., Soule-Albridge, E. L., Cohen, J. M. & Kaplan, D. L. Engineering carotenoid production in mammalian cells for nutritionally enhanced cell-cultured foods. Specifically, the costs for Beefy-9 with high or low FGF-2 concentrations dropped to $74/L and $46/L, respectively, when components are ordered in bulk (component sourcing given in TableS3). ISSN 2399-3642 (online). Given that no single technology is the silver bullet, collaboration is essential for creating delicious and nutritious meat alternatives across companies and organizations. Industry advocates proffer myriad benefits and needs. Writer at Neural by TNW To analyze lipid accumulation in culture, media was replaced with PBS containing 2M BODIPY 493/503 (ThermoFisher #D3922). But as a self-righteous vegetarian, I refuse to dine on murdered animals. PubMed According to the UN, around 80 billion animals are slaughtered each year for meat. Cultivation of meat cells can enable production of meat without needing to raise farmed animals, which require smaller quantities of agricultural resources like land. Domest. Read More, Yesterday saw the start of COP27 which promises to put the green transition, especially in relation to food, at the front and center of global talks. I have read and agree to the Privacy Policy. Apart from creating national repositories of scientific knowledge that any individual or institution can access, governments must push for the development of open standards and protocols to facilitate knowledge dissemination. Supplier Profiles On Food Ingredients First. Results showed that cells needed to be passaged in the absence of supplemental rAlbumin (Delayed rAlbumin), and that a coating (e.g., iMatrix-511 laminin) was required for adhesion and growth. [13][15], Kangaroo meat is also processed into pet food. Upon reaching ~70% confluency, cells were rinsed with DPBS, harvested with TrypLE Express, and counted using an NC-200 automated cell counter (duplicate counts for each well). As such, Beefy-9 with 3.2mg/mL of rAlbumin (termed Beefy-9+) may offer the best ratio of cell growth to media cost (148 $/L). As the worlds knowledge and use of syn-bio technologies grow, governments have no choice but to develop policies that will allow the industry to flourish. The Color of Meat 5. The Hub is part of Givaudans extensive network of alternative protein innovation centers across four continents, including MISTA in California, the Protein Innovation Center in Singapore, the Protein Hub in Zurich, and soon, the Tropical Food Innovation Lab in Brazil. This process was repeated over 28 days and seven passages. 5), 1.6mg/mL, 3.2mg/mL, 6.4mg/mL (with 40 or 5ng/mL FGF-2), and HiDef Beefy-9 using supplier provided HiDef B8. Franois Candelonisa managing director and senior partner at BCG and global director of the BCG Henderson Institute.Maxime Courtauxis a project leader at BCG and ambassador at the BCG Henderson Institute. Cultured meat and lab-grown meat may be the key to feeding the planet while sparing the climate. One ingredient Meatable doesnt use is fetal bovine serum (FBS), a common growth medium in cultivated meat. The city states embrace of cultured meat is rational. As increased rAlbumin resulted in improved growth (Fig. To do this, Beefy-9-passaged cells (P2) were expanded to confluency in Beefy-9 and differentiated for 5 days in a previously published serum-free differentiation medium10. [6] Populations of the large kangaroo species in the commercial harvest zones across Australia vary from approximately 25 to 50 million kangaroos at any given point in time. The effects of muscle cell aging on myogenesis. In both locations, fat contributes to overall flavor and juiciness in meats. [22], Some suggest that when such campaigns are successful in decreasing commercial harvesting rates, this leads to an increase in non-commercial culling of kangaroos permits for which are available in every Australian state and territory to address issues associated with over-abundant kangaroo populations. Chef Shachar Yogev serves a burger made with "cultured chicken" at a restaurant in the central Israeli town of Ness Ziona. [13] In New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria it could only be sold as pet food until 1993. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Kaustav Bera, Alexander Kiepas, Konstantinos Konstantopoulos, Thomas E. Speltz, Zeyu Qiao, Raymond E. Moellering, Kaiyi Jiang, Jeremy Koob, Omar O. Abudayyeh, Lucas Tafur, Kerstin Hinterndorfer, Robbie Loewith, Communications Biology Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids and carbon dioxide.All three products have found human uses. Google Scholar. Albumin has many roles in cell culture media, and indeed comprises about 60% of the total proteins in serum. Ultimately, further exploration of this phenomenon is warranted in future studies. Copyright 20062022, The Next Web B.V. The percentage of naturally occurring water in meat varies with the type of muscle, the kind of meat, the season of the year, and the pH of the meat. In April, the Dutch government allocated 60 million for the development of cellular agriculture. Primary Handling Editors: Eve Rogers. Conditions for isolation and culture of porcine myogenic satellite cells. Just as the 1990s belonged to the Internet, the 2020s mark syn-bios coming of age. In contrast, cell growth and morphology were significantly affected by the complete removal of FGF-2 from the media (Fig. Interestingly, the initial drivers for interest in and growth of these products remain important today, he notes. CAS Environmental vegetarianism is the practice of vegetarianism when motivated by the desire to create a sustainable diet that avoids the negative environmental impact of meat production.Livestock as a whole is estimated to be responsible for around 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cells were differentiated for 4-6 days (changing media every two days). The company claims its produce is identical to traditional meat. 160, 245258 (1985). Results showed that increased rAlbumin concentrations improved cell growth, with the highest numbers of cell doublings wasprovided by concentrations of 6.4mg/mL (20.2) and 3.2mg/mL (19.8)rAlbumin. When considering Beefy-9, it is clear that recombinant proteins are the main drivers of cost. Still, there are encouraging signs from the union. These moves have attracted global recognition. Further, no serum-free media has been validated for the sustained expansion of satellite cells over multiple passages10,11,12. Then the Singapore Food Authority (SFA) gave Eat Justpermissiontoproduce small batches of cultured cells in Esco Asters food-safe bioreactors, and to sell the products locally once they had met its stringent food safety criteria.
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